Somerset Maugham’s" The Lotus Eater": Model Question Paper English Literature Literary Texts


 Difficulty Level:  Graduation        Time: 1hr 30 Mnt
Each Question: Word Limit: 30 

Somerset Maugham’s" The Lotus Eater": Model Questions - Answers 

1Q: Why does the narrator in The Lotus Eater compare most people to tramcars?

A: The narrator compares most people to tramcars because they follow a set routine, going back and forth on the same track without experiencing the freedom and spontaneity of life.

2Q: Who is called 'Lotus Eater'? Why is he so called?

A: Thomas Wilson is called the 'Lotus Eater' because he chooses to live a life of idleness and pleasure on the island of Capri, resembling the mythical Lotus Eaters who indulged in sensual delights and ignored their responsibilities.

3Q: Why did the narrator in The Lotus Eater feel interested in Thomas Wilson?

A: The narrator felt interested in Thomas Wilson because he represented a unique and unconventional lifestyle, contrasting with the societal norms. Wilson's rejection of the conventional pursuit of wealth and success fascinated the narrator.

4Q: What is Piazza? Where is Capri?

A: A piazza refers to a public square or marketplace in Italian. Capri is a small island located in the Tyrrhenian Sea, off the coast of Italy, renowned for its natural beauty and picturesque landscapes.

5Q: Describe the dress of Wilson when the author Somerset Maugham first met him.

A: When Somerset Maugham first met Wilson, he was dressed in a suit of white linen, which was perfectly tailored and immaculate. His attire reflected his preference for elegance and attention to detail.

6Q: How did Wilson first appear to the writer, Somerset Maugham?

A: Wilson first appeared to Somerset Maugham as a gentleman of refined taste and manners. He exuded an air of tranquility and contentment, seemingly detached from the worries and burdens of the world.

7Q: Who is referred to in the line "Her eyes, large and liquid, were the eyes of Hera"? Who was Hera?

A: The line refers to a woman whose eyes resembled those of Hera. Hera is a Greek goddess and the queen of the gods in Greek mythology. She is often depicted with large, expressive eyes.

8Q: Who is the speaker saying, "I think your story is just the Capri title-tattle"? What story is being referred to here?

A: The speaker is Somerset Maugham himself. He is referring to the story he heard about Wilson's life and lifestyle, which was being discussed among the people in Capri.

9Q: Who is the speaker saying, "I should remark here that this was in 1913"? What does he indicate by saying this?

A: The speaker is Somerset Maugham. By mentioning the year 1913, he indicates the timeframe when the events of the story took place, providing context for the narrative.

10Q: Who fell in love at first sight? What was the place?

A: The narrator (Somerset Maugham) fell in love with Capri at first sight. Capri, the Italian island where the story is set, captivated him with its beauty and charm.

11Q: Who said, "If people only knew! It's the most priceless thing a man can have"? Where was it said? What is the most priceless thing referred to here?

A: Thomas Wilson said this to Somerset Maugham while discussing his lifestyle on Capri. Wilson refers to freedom as the most priceless thing a man can have, emphasizing the value of living life on one's own terms.

12Q: How long had Wilson been staying at Capri when the writer of The Lotus Eater first met him?

A: Wilson had been staying at Capri for twenty years when Somerset Maugham first met him.

13Q: What was Wilson before he came to stay permanently at Capri?

A: Before settling permanently at Capri, Wilson was a successful stockbroker and a member of the London Stock Exchange.

14Q: How did the wife and daughter of Wilson die?

A: Wilson's wife and daughter died in a tragic accident. They were traveling in a car that plunged off a cliff on the Amalfi Drive, resulting in their unfortunate demise.

15Q: What was Wilson's age when he came to settle at Capri?

A: When Wilson came to settle at Capri, he was in his early fifties, seeking a change of lifestyle after the loss of his wife and daughter.

16Q: How does the narrator in Maugham's story, The Lotus Eater, describe Wilson's house?

A: The narrator describes Wilson's house as a beautiful villa perched on a hillside in Capri. It is surrounded by a lush garden filled with colorful flowers and offers a stunning view of the sea.

17Q: Who is the speaker saying, "That settled the matter for me"? What was the matter? How was it settled?

A: The speaker is Somerset Maugham. The matter refers to Maugham's decision to stay in Capri and adopt a similar lifestyle to Wilson's. By observing Wilson's contentment and unconventional approach to life, Maugham's mind was made up, and he decided to embrace the same path.

18Q: Why did Wilson purchase an annuity for twenty-five years? How did he procure the money?

A: Wilson purchased a twenty-five-year annuity to secure his financial independence and ensure he could continue his leisurely lifestyle on Capri. He procured the money through his successful career as a stockbroker, accumulating sufficient wealth to sustain himself comfortably.

18Q: Who is referred to in the line, "No one looking at his neat, prim face could have thought him capable of an unconventional action"? What was the unconventional action that the person was capable of? Why is it called unconventional?

A: The line refers to Thomas Wilson. The unconventional action he was capable of was abandoning his previous life of wealth and societal expectations to pursue a life of idleness and pleasure. It is considered unconventional because it deviated from the norm and went against the expectations of society.

19Q: Who were Wilson's favorite music composers?

A: Wilson's favorite music composers were Beethoven, Mozart, and Wagner. He had a deep appreciation for classical music and often enjoyed listening to their compositions on Capri.

Model Question Paper English Literature Literary Texts: "Freedom" by George Bernard Shaw



 Difficulty Level: Post Graduation        Time: 1hr
Each Question: Word Limit: 30 


  1. What is a perfectly free person? – How does Shaw answer this question?

  1. These natural job can not be shirked – What natural jobs are referred to by the speaker in this line?

  1. What, according to Shaw, should be the object of all honest governments?

  1. But the newspapers assure you that you vole has decided the election and than this constitutes you a free citizen’s– Where does the sentence occur and what does it mean in its context?

  1. The slavery of man to man is the very opposite of this. It is hateful to the body and to the spirit – Where does this pan age occur and what does it signify?

  1. …………………..We are told that all our miseries are our own doing? How are all our miseries our own doing?

  1. How is Nature, according to Shaw, kind to her slaves?

Model Question Paper 2 English Literature Literary Texts: "ARMS AND THE MAN" by George Barnard Shaw



 Difficulty Level: Graduation        Time: 1hr 30 Mnt
Each Question: Word Limit: 30  

ARMS AND THE MAN by     George Barnard Shaw Short Questions -Answers

 1. What do you know of Catherine Petkoff from the first Act of ‘Arms and The Man’?

In the first Act of 'Arms and The Man,' Catherine Petkoff is portrayed as an affluent and proud woman. She is Raina's mother and Major Petkoff's wife. She is concerned about her social status and displays a sense of vanity and self-importance.

2. Comment on the title of the play ‘Arms and The Man’.

The title of the play, 'Arms and The Man,' suggests a juxtaposition between romance and war. It symbolizes the contrasting ideals of heroism and love, as represented by the characters. The play explores the romanticized notions of war and challenges them through satire.

3. Critical comment on the title?

From a critical perspective, the title 'Arms and The Man' emphasizes the central themes of the play, highlighting the stark contrast between idealistic romanticism and the realities of war. It invites the audience to question societal conventions and examine the absurdity of war.

4. Is ‘Arms and The Man’ a ‘drama of ideas’? 

Yes, 'Arms and The Man' can be considered a 'drama of ideas.' The play engages with social and political themes, such as the futility of war, romantic idealism versus reality, and class dynamics. Through sharp wit and satire, George Bernard Shaw conveys his philosophical and intellectual viewpoints.

5. What does Raina do with the portrait of Sergius in her bedroom?

Raina hides the portrait of Sergius in her bedroom after she becomes infatuated with the pragmatic and straightforward Bluntschli. This action symbolizes her shifting affections and her desire to distance herself from the illusions of romantic heroism.

6. When does Bluntschli say, ‘a narrow shame, but a miss as good as a mite”- Why does he say so?

Bluntschli says, "a narrow shame, but a miss as good as a mile" when he narrowly avoids getting shot by Raina. He says this to downplay the potential embarrassment of being shot, suggesting that avoiding harm altogether is more valuable than narrowly escaping it.

7. Why does Bluntschli speak about Sergius ads a ‘Don Quixote at a windmill’?

Bluntschli refers to Sergius as a 'Don Quixote at a windmill' to highlight Sergius's idealistic and impractical nature. It implies that Sergius is engaged in a futile pursuit of chivalry and honor, similar to Don Quixote's misguided adventures.

8. Why do young solders carry pistols and cartridge and the old ones ‘grub’? Is there any military significance in it?

The young soldiers carry pistols and cartridges to demonstrate their enthusiasm and eagerness for battle. It symbolizes their romanticized view of war and their desire to prove their courage. On the other hand, the older soldiers, represented by Bluntschli, prioritize practicality and survival, hence the reference to 'grub' or food.

9. How does Raina soave Bluntschli?

Raina soothes Bluntschli by hiding him in her bedroom and promising to protect him from being discovered by the soldiers. She provides him with food, drink, and shelter, ensuring his safety while he is hiding.

10. How does Raina introduce the Petkoff to Bluntschli?

Raina introduces the Petkoffs to Bluntschli as a professional soldier who fought for the Serbian army. She presents him as a heroic figure, enhancing his status and romanticizing his role in the war.

11. What was the effect of Sergius is wining the battle the wrong way?

Sergius winning the battle the wrong way creates an ironic effect. It exposes the disconnect between the idealized notions of heroism and the actual realities of war. Sergius's victory through an accidental cavalry charge instead of tactical brilliance challenges the glorification of war and questions the concept of heroic deeds.

12. What is Sergius is opinion about Soldiering and the secret of successful fighting?

Sergius expresses his opinion that soldiering is a mixture of bluffing, courage, and luck. He believes that the secret to successful fighting lies in appearing fearless and confident, regardless of the actual situation.

13. Who is Swiss officer and how had he ‘humbugged’ Major Petkoff and major Sergius?

The Swiss officer is Bluntschli, who pretended to be a Swiss officer when he sought refuge in Major Petkoff's house. He 'humbugged' both Major Petkoff and Major Sergius by successfully deceiving them about his true identity and nationality.

14. How did Sergius narrate the story of the escape of the Swiss officer?

Sergius narrates the story of the Swiss officer's escape by describing how the officer outsmarted the pursuing soldiers through clever tactics and quick thinking. The story showcases the resourcefulness and ingenuity of the Swiss officer, leaving a lasting impression on Sergius.

15. What was the effect of Sergius is narration of the fugitive on Raina and Catherine?

Sergius's narration of the fugitive's story has a profound effect on Raina and Catherine. It challenges their preconceived notions of heroism and romanticism. They begin to question the idealized image of soldiers and realize the stark contrast between the romanticized ideals and the harsh reality of war.

16. How does Raina define ‘higher love’?

Raina defines 'higher love' as an idealistic and romantic concept that surpasses ordinary love. She believes it is a love that involves admiration, heroism, and the pursuit of noble ideals. Raina's perception of 'higher love' is initially shaped by her infatuation with Sergius.

17. How does Sergius reciprocate ‘higher lover’?

Sergius reciprocates 'higher love' by engaging in grand romantic gestures and displays of chivalry. He sees himself as a noble and heroic figure, striving to fulfill Raina's expectations of a romantic hero. Sergius embodies the ideals of 'higher love' in his actions and demeanor.

18. When does Sergius see higher love as stinging? How does he propose to have some relief?

Sergius sees 'higher love' as stinging when it fails to live up to its idealized expectations. He feels burdened by the weight of Raina's romanticized vision of him and the pressure to constantly maintain that image. To find relief, he suggests indulging in more practical and physical pleasures, seeking solace in earthly desires.

19. To whom, when and why Sergius say, ‘witty as well as pretty’?

Sergius says, "witty as well as pretty" to Raina, praising her for not only being beautiful but also possessing intelligence and wit. He compliments her on her sharpness and quick thinking, appreciating her intellectual capabilities along with her physical attractiveness.

20. ‘Welcome our friend the enemy!
Who says this and to whom is it spoken? What is the occasion of the speech? What is the meaning of this speech?

The line "Welcome our friend the enemy!" is spoken by Bluntschli to Raina. It is said when he reveals his true identity as an enemy soldier, a Serbian enemy soldier. The occasion of this speech is the moment of truth and confession between Bluntschli and Raina, where he confesses that he is not a Swiss officer as he pretended to be. The speech carries the meaning of acceptance and reconciliation, breaking down the barriers of enemy lines and embracing humanity beyond the constraints of war.

Model Question Paper 3 English Literature Literary Texts: "ARMS AND THE MAN" by George Barnard Shaw


 Difficulty Level: Graduation        Time: 1hr 30 Mnt
Each Question: Word Limit: 30  

ARMS AND THE MAN by     George Barnard Shaw Model Questions and Answers

1. Why does Bluntschli say that the Bulgarian officers send for their wives to keep discipline?

Answer: Bluntschli says that the Bulgarian officers send for their wives to keep discipline because the officers fear their wives' disapproval more than anything else. They believe that the presence of their wives will keep them in line and prevent them from engaging in any misconduct or indiscretions.

2. Why did Raina tell the story of ice pudding? What was its effect on the persons who heard it?

Answer: Raina tells the story of ice pudding to impress and entertain the soldiers, particularly Sergius. The story highlights Raina's romantic and imaginative nature, and it enhances her image as a lady of noble qualities. The effect on the persons who heard it is that they find Raina charming and captivating, reinforcing their admiration for her.

3. Why did Sergius challenge Bluntschli to a duel?

Answer: Sergius challenges Bluntschli to a duel because he believes that Bluntschli has insulted him by suggesting that war is not a glorious endeavor. Sergius, being a romantic idealist, takes offense at the pragmatic views expressed by Bluntschli and seeks to defend his honor through a duel.

4. Why did Sergius refuse to fight later?

Answer: Sergius refuses to fight later because he realizes the absurdity and senselessness of dueling over a trivial disagreement. After reflecting on the realities of war and his own ideals, Sergius chooses not to risk his life in a meaningless duel and instead opts for a more practical and reconciliatory approach.

5. Why does Louka say she is not ashamed of eavesdropping?

Answer: Louka says she is not ashamed of eavesdropping because she considers herself an equal to the people she eavesdrops on, particularly Raina. As a servant who aspires for a better social position, Louka sees no shame in gathering information that may be useful to her. She believes in using any means necessary to improve her own situation.

6. What did Raina do with her photograph?

Answer: Raina gives her photograph to Bluntschli as a token of her affection and as a symbol of her romantic attachment to him. She hopes that by giving him her photograph, she can establish a deeper connection with him and solidify their relationship.

7. What part does Raina's photograph play in the drama 'Arms and The Man'?

Answer: Raina's photograph serves as a significant symbol in the play. It represents Raina's idealized romantic notions and her attachment to Sergius at the beginning of the play. However, as the story progresses, the photograph becomes a reminder of Raina's transformation and her growing affection for Bluntschli, reflecting the shifting dynamics of love and war.

8. When and why does Sergius tell Petkoff that the world is not such an innocent place?

Answer: Sergius tells Petkoff that the world is not such an innocent place after his encounter with Louka. He realizes that love and relationships are not as simple and idealistic as he had previously believed. Sergius recognizes the complexities and hidden motives that exist within human interactions, prompting him to acknowledge the less innocent aspects of the world.

9. When and why does Louka say, "That touch makes me your affianced wife"?

Answer: Louka says, "That touch makes me your affianced wife" during a passionate moment with Sergius. She interprets Sergius's touch as a symbol of their commitment to each other, considering it an informal engagement or promise of future marriage. Louka sees this as an opportunity to solidify her social status and secure her desired position.

10. How does Bluntschli explain that he has an incurably romantic disposition?

Answer: Bluntschli explains that he has an incurably romantic disposition by stating that he cannot help but be attracted to romantic ideals and sentimental notions. Despite his pragmatic nature and the realities of war, he admits that deep down, he still yearns for the poetic and idealistic aspects of life, which he considers a part of his innate personality.

11. How did Louka realize that a man was hiding in Raina's bedroom?

Answer: Louka realizes that a man was hiding in Raina's bedroom when she accidentally discovers Bluntschli's presence while trying to retrieve Raina's cloak. She notices the opened window and the signs of someone being there, leading her to uncover Bluntschli's hiding place.

12. How unscientific was Sergius' win at Slivnitza?

Answer: Sergius' win at Slivnitza is described as unscientific because it was more a result of luck and chance rather than strategic military tactics. The victory was attributed to a reckless cavalry charge, which went against conventional military wisdom. Despite the illogical approach, Sergius emerged victorious, highlighting the unpredictability and irrationality of war.

13. Why does Bluntschli say, "We laughed at the other side for months"?

Answer: Bluntschli says, "We laughed at the other side for months" to emphasize the absurdity and irony of war. He reflects on the fact that soldiers on both sides of the conflict often share similar fears, hopes, and experiences. Bluntschli finds it comical that enemies who face each other in battle are essentially the same, yet they remain oblivious to their shared humanity.

14. Why was Sergius not promoted?

Answer: Sergius was not promoted despite his victory at Slivnitza because his superiors recognized the unconventional nature of his success. The authorities deemed his actions as reckless and not in line with standard military strategies. As a result, Sergius was overlooked for promotion, demonstrating that military promotions are not solely based on individual acts of valor.

15. Discuss Act-I as 'the dialogue of a conversation.'

Answer: Act-I in "Arms and the Man" can be described as 'the dialogue of a conversation' because it primarily revolves around the interactions and exchanges between the characters. The act presents conversations filled with wit, humor, and social commentary. The dialogue serves as a medium through which the characters reveal their personalities, beliefs, and conflicts, moving the plot forward.

16. "If you have a drop of Bulgarian blood in your veins, you will worship him when he comes back." - Who says this and to whom? Whom should the listener worship and why?

Answer: Raina says this to Louka, implying that if Louka has any Bulgarian heritage, she should worship Sergius when he returns. Raina expresses her admiration and adoration for Sergius, as he is considered a national hero for his military triumphs. Raina expects everyone, particularly those of Bulgarian descent, to idolize Sergius due to his perceived heroic status.

17. "It proves that all our ideas were real after all." - Who is the speaker? What ideas are spoken about?

Answer: Raina is the speaker of this statement. She refers to the revelation of Bluntschli's practical and realistic perspective on war, which challenges the romanticized ideas she and Sergius held. Raina reflects on how the encounter with Bluntschli forces them to confront the reality that their previous notions of honor, glory, and love were merely idealistic fantasies.

18. "It is no use, dear lady! I can't make you see it from the professional point of view." - Who says this and to whom? What is meant by the professional point of view?

Answer: Captain Bluntschli says this to Raina. By the "professional point of view," Bluntschli refers to his practical perspective as a soldier and his understanding of the realities of war. He implies that Raina, being idealistic and romantic, cannot fully comprehend or appreciate the pragmatic considerations and complexities that soldiers like him face on the battlefield.

19. "Yes, we have one. The only one is Bulgaria." - What does the speaker mean by 'the one in Bulgaria'?

Answer: Sergius is the speaker of this statement. By saying "the one in Bulgaria," he is referring to the idealistic and romantic notion of true love and pure relationships. Sergius suggests that such a love exists only in Bulgaria, implying that it is a rare and precious sentiment that he believes he has found in Raina, thus elevating their relationship above others.

20. "I made defy her. I will defy her. What do I care for her?" - Who will defy whom? To whom is this spoken?

Answer: Louka says this about Raina. She expresses her defiance towards Raina, stating that she will challenge her and stand up against her. Louka no longer cares for Raina's authority or her attempts to control her, and she is determined to assert her independence and challenge Raina's social superiority.

Model Question Paper 4 English Literature Literary Texts: ARMS AND THE MAN by George Barnard Shaw


Difficulty Level: Graduation        Time: 1hr 30 Mnt
Each Question: Word Limit: 30  

ARMS AND THE MAN by     George Barnard Shaw Short Questions- Answers

1.Yes; that’s the secret of success in service- Who says this?

Answer: Captain Bluntschli says this.

2 You touch a button: something tinkles in the kitchen; and then Nicola comes up – Who says this and to whom? What is the thing referred to in this speech?

Answer: Louka says this to Raina. The thing referred to is an electric bell used to summon Nicola, the servant.

3 It was the cradle and the grave of my military reputation.- Who says this and to whom? What does it signify?

Answer: Major Petkoff says this to Raina. It signifies that the major's military reputation was both established and destroyed by his actions in the same war.

4 I suppose soldiering has to be a trade like any other trade. – Who is the speaker? What does he mean by it?

Answer: Captain Bluntschli is the speaker. He means that being a soldier should be approached as a profession with practical considerations, similar to any other occupation.

5 That is the whole secret of successful fighting- What, according to the speaker, is the secret of successful fighting?

Answer: Captain Bluntschli suggests that the secret of successful fighting is good marksmanship, accurately aiming and hitting the target.

6 I think we two have found the higher love- Who is the speaker? To whom is it spoken? What is higher love?

Answer: Sergius is the speaker. He says this to Raina. The higher love refers to the genuine connection and affection they feel for each other beyond the superficial romantic ideals they previously held.

7 As for her, she’s a liar and her fine airs are a cheat- Who is the speaker? Of whom is this said?

Answer: Raina's mother, Catherine Petkoff, is the speaker. She says this about Louka, the servant.

8 Oh! If I had him here, I’d cram him with chocolate creams till he couldn’t ever speak again! – Who is meant by ‘him’? Why does the speaker mention ‘chocolate creams’?

Answer: Raina is referring to Major Sergius Saranoff when she says "him." She mentions "chocolate creams" as a way of expressing her desire to silence him by overwhelming him with a delicious treat.

9 I don’t care whether he finds out about 'the chocolate cream soldier.' Why is he called so?

Answer: Nicola, the servant, is called "the chocolate cream soldier" because he was caught stealing and eating chocolate creams, a luxury item, which he was supposed to deliver to Major Petkoff.

10 Sergius: Raina is mistaken about your friend who was burnt. He was not my informant. – Whose friend was burnt? Who was then the informant?

Answer: Raina's friend was burnt, and Major Petkoff was the informant, not Sergius.

11 Age is beginning to tell on me. I’m getting hallucinations- Who says this? What are the occasions of the utterance?

Answer: Major Petkoff says this, reflecting on his aging and the stress of the events unfolding around him. He mentions hallucinations as a sign of his mental and physical strain.

12 What an army! They make cannons out of cherry trees: - Who is the speaker? Why does he say it?

Answer: Captain Bluntschli is the speaker. He says this to highlight the absurdity and lack of practicality in the military's methods of utilizing available resources.

13 If pity is akin to love, gratitude is akin to the other things- Who says this? What is the significance of this utterance?

Answer: Captain Bluntschli says this. The significance of the utterance is that Bluntschli is expressing his perspective on human emotions and relationships. He suggests that just as pity and love are closely related, gratitude can also be linked to other complex and sometimes less virtuous emotions or actions.

14 Dear young lady: isn't that rather a short allowance? - Who says this and to whom? What is the short allowance?

Answer: Major Petkoff says this to Raina. The short allowance refers to Raina's limited patience or tolerance for certain behaviors or situations. In this context, Major Petkoff is questioning whether Raina is being too quick to judge or dismiss someone or something.

15 How did you find me out? - Who has found out whom? What is it that has been found out?

Answer: Raina says this to Captain Bluntschli. Raina is referring to Bluntschli discovering her true nature and the discrepancies between her romantic ideals and her actual behavior during their encounters.

16 You have a low shop-keeping mind- Who says this and to whom? Why has such a remark been made?

Answer: Sergius says this to Raina. The remark is made in the context of their argument, with Sergius expressing his disappointment and frustration with Raina's materialistic and conventional mindset. He accuses her of lacking a broader perspective and being preoccupied with shallow concerns.

17 I get rid of being a servant occasionally– Explain the meaning of the speech in not more than two sentences. What is Louka’s estimate of Nicola?

Answer: Louka is expressing her desire to escape her position as a servant and have more freedom and independence. She sees being a servant as limiting and undesirable, suggesting that she holds a low opinion of Nicola and his role as a servant.

18 Sell your manhood for 30 lavas and buy me for 10? - Who says this and to whom? What does the utterance signify?

Answer: Louka says this to Nicola. The utterance signifies Louka's criticism and disdain for Nicola, implying that he is willing to compromise his integrity and masculinity for personal gain, while she sees herself as a more valuable and deserving partner.

19 He has beaten you in love – He may beat you in war. - Who is the speaker? Who will be at whom and now?

Answer: Raina says this to Sergius. Raina is suggesting that since Sergius has been outmaneuvered or defeated in matters of love (referring to her connection with Bluntschli), he may also face defeat or challenges in his military endeavors.

20 You've no magnetism: you're not a man: you're a machine. - Who says this and to whom? On what occasion does he say this?

Answer: Raina says this to Captain Bluntschli. She says it during an intense argument between the two, expressing her frustration and disappointment with Bluntschli's practical and unromantic nature, implying that he lacks the passionate and charismatic qualities she associates with a "real" man.

Joseph Conrad’s "Heart of Darkness": Few Brief Sketches / Related Short Questions


Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness (published 1902): Related Short Questions

What is the name of the boat on which Marlow narrated his tale in Heart of Darkness?

The name of the cruising yawl on which Marlow narrated his tale in Heart of Darkness is the Nellie. It was anchored on the sea-beach of the Thames.

Who were the persons listening to Marlow's tale on the Nellie?

Other than the narrator, Charlie Marlow, the individuals listening to the tale on the Nellie were the Director of the companies (who also served as the captain and host), the Lawyer, the Accountant, and the frame narrator.

How does the prime narrator describe Marlow's posture in Heart of Darkness?

Marlow is described as a man with sunken cheeks, a yellow complexion, a straight back, and an ascetic attitude. He is depicted as sitting cross-legged with his palms facing outward, resembling an idol. The prime narrator likens him to a Buddha preaching in European clothes, without a lotus flower. This imagery of resemblance to Buddha recurs in the novel, suggesting Marlow's enlightenment and his mission to preach the knowledge of the evil inherent in the human heart.

What does Marlow mean when he says, "And as I looked at the map of it in a shop window it fascinated me as a snake would a bird"?

Marlow is referring to his childhood resolve to explore one of the blank spaces on the Earth, which he compares to a bird being fascinated by a snake. Specifically, he is captivated by the sight of the Congo River in Africa, which resembles an uncoiled snake. The analogy implies that Marlow is both enticed and wary of the dangers that lie ahead.

How does Marlow describe Brussels, the capital of Belgium, in Heart of Darkness?

Marlow describes Brussels as a city that always reminds him of a white sepulcher. The phrase "whited sepulcher" is derived from Christ's indictment of the Pharisees in Matthew 23:27 and symbolizes hypocrisy. Marlow's description suggests that beneath the surface of apparent civilization, Brussels conceals a darker and deceptive nature.

Who is Fresleven in Heart of Darkness, and what role does he play in the story?

Fresleven is a character in Heart of Darkness who exemplifies the transformation of an individual under the influence of the wilderness. He was a gentle and quiet Dane who had a quarrel with native Africans over the purchase of two black hens. In a fit of anger, he beat up an old African man, which resulted in him being killed by the man's son. Fresleven's story serves as a warning about the destructive effects of the environment on one's character.

What was Marlow's job in Heart of Darkness, and who arranged it for him?

Marlow's influential aunt in London arranged for his employment in a company that would send him to Africa. She believed he was going on a philanthropic mission to civilize the native Africans.

What were Kurtz's last words in Heart of Darkness, and what significance do they hold?

Kurtz's last words were "The Horror! The horror." These words serve as Kurtz's final judgment on his own life. Driven insane by the wilderness, he utters these words with candor and conviction, revealing the appalling truth of his experiences. Marlow chooses not to reveal Kurtz's final words to Kurtz's fiancée, protecting her from the harsh reality.

How was The Intended saved from the triumphant darkness in Heart of Darkness?

The saving illusion for The Intended, Kurtz's fiancée, was the belief that Kurtz had lived a life of altruism and that his death was worthy of admiration. The illusion of Kurtz's noble intentions and his supposed goodness shielded The Intended from the triumphant darkness of the truth about Kurtz's moral descent and the horrors he had embraced.

What document did Marlow offer to the person who came for Kurtz's belongings in Heart of Darkness?

Marlow only offered the person the report on the "suppression of savage customs." He withheld the other documents and materials that contained the post-scripts with Kurtz's shocking words.

What were the post-scripts torn off from Kurtz's documents in Heart of Darkness?

The torn-off post-scripts contained the anticlimactic words of the supposed philanthropist: "Exterminate all the brutes." These words expose the true nature of Kurtz's thoughts and actions, contradicting the idealized image that The Intended held of him.

Why did Joseph Conrad choose Africa as the setting for Heart of Darkness, and what significance does it hold in the novella?

Joseph Conrad chose Africa as the setting for Heart of Darkness to explore the dark and mysterious aspects of human nature. Africa symbolizes the unknown and the "heart of darkness" within individuals. It represents a place where primal instincts and the corruption of civilization converge.

In what ways does Marlow's journey in Heart of Darkness resemble Dante's descent into the underworld in The Divine Comedy?

Marlow's journey in Heart of Darkness shares similarities with Dante's descent into the underworld in The Divine Comedy in terms of the exploration of moral and psychological depths. Both journeys involve encountering the darkness within humanity and questioning established values and societal norms.

How does the film Apocalypse Now compare to Conrad's novella, Heart of Darkness? What similarities and differences can be identified?

Apocalypse Now, directed by Francis Ford Coppola, is a loose adaptation of Heart of Darkness. While both explore themes of imperialism and the corruption of the human soul, the film sets the story in the context of the Vietnam War. It shares the same underlying narrative structure but adapts it to a different time and setting.

What is the significance of the use of light and dark, as well as black and white imagery, in Heart of Darkness?

The use of light and dark, along with black and white imagery, in Heart of Darkness represents the dichotomy between civilization and savagery, truth and illusion, and good and evil. It underscores the moral ambiguity and complexity of the characters and the overall theme of human darkness lurking beneath the surface.

How does Joseph Conrad explore the psychological landscape of the characters in Heart of Darkness?

Joseph Conrad delves into the psychological landscape of the characters in Heart of Darkness by employing introspective narration and vivid descriptions. He presents their inner conflicts, moral dilemmas, and descent into madness, offering a glimpse into the depths of the human psyche and the consequences of unchecked ambition and power.

Is the story in Heart of Darkness primarily about Kurtz, Marlow, or another character? Discuss their roles and significance in the novella.

Although Kurtz and Marlow are crucial characters in Heart of Darkness, the story is not solely about one character. Kurtz represents the embodiment of the darkness within humanity, while Marlow serves as the observer and narrator who reflects upon the larger themes of imperialism, moral decay, and the human condition.

How does Joseph Conrad's personal disdain for totalitarianism manifest in Heart of Darkness? What aspects of the novella reflect his attitudes toward this political ideology?

Conrad's disdain for totalitarianism is reflected in Heart of Darkness through his critique of colonialism and its oppressive nature. The exploitation of Africa and its people by European powers serves as a metaphor for the autocratic rule of totalitarian regimes. Conrad portrays the devastating consequences of unchecked power and the dehumanization it brings.

How does Joseph Conrad's portrayal of Africa in Heart of Darkness contribute to the overall importance of the novella?

Joseph Conrad's portrayal of Africa in Heart of Darkness contributes to the novella's significance by highlighting the clash between European colonialism and the African continent. Africa represents a metaphorical landscape of both physical and moral darkness, exposing the brutal realities of imperialism and the destructive impact it has on both the colonizers and the colonized.

How does the contrast between light and dark imagery in Heart of Darkness symbolize deeper themes within the novella?

The contrast between light and dark imagery in Heart of Darkness symbolizes deeper themes such as the struggle between civilization and savagery, truth and deception, and the duality of human nature. It underscores the moral ambiguity and the blurred boundaries between good and evil, shedding light on the darker aspects of humanity hidden beneath the surface.

In Heart of Darkness, how does Joseph Conrad explore the psychological effects of colonialism on the characters?

Joseph Conrad explores the psychological effects of colonialism on the characters in Heart of Darkness by depicting the dehumanizing impact of imperialism. Through their encounters with the harsh realities of the Congo, the characters undergo psychological transformations, grappling with their own morality, sanity, and the corrupting influence of power. Conrad reveals the devastating consequences of exploiting others for personal gain.

How does Heart of Darkness present the character of Kurtz and his journey as a reflection of the dark side of human nature?

Heart of Darkness presents Kurtz as a character who embodies the dark side of human nature. Through his descent into madness and his pursuit of power, Kurtz becomes a symbol of the destructive potential within individuals. His journey reveals the moral degradation that occurs when unchecked ambition and desire for dominance override one's sense of humanity.

How does Joseph Conrad's personal experiences and observations shape his portrayal of totalitarianism in Heart of Darkness?

Joseph Conrad's personal experiences as a sailor and his observations of the consequences of colonialism inform his portrayal of totalitarianism in Heart of Darkness. His exposure to oppressive systems and his understanding of the corrupting effects of absolute power influence the depiction of totalitarianism in the novella. Conrad's disdain for such regimes is reflected in his critique of imperialism and its dehumanizing nature.     

How does the journey down the Congo River in Heart of Darkness contribute to the overall narrative and themes of the novella?

The journey down the Congo River in Heart of Darkness serves as a physical and metaphorical exploration of the darkness within humanity and the destructive nature of imperialism. It exposes the moral decay and brutality inherent in the colonial enterprise, while also reflecting Marlow's own psychological descent into the heart of darkness.

How does Joseph Conrad use the motif of light and dark in Heart of Darkness to convey deeper meanings?

Joseph Conrad employs the motif of light and dark in Heart of Darkness to convey deeper meanings. Light represents truth, civilization, and enlightenment, while darkness symbolizes ignorance, savagery, and moral decay. The interplay between these elements underscores the moral ambiguity and complexity of the characters and highlights the pervasive darkness lurking beneath the surface.

How does the character of Marlow in Heart of Darkness serve as a vessel for the reader's journey into the heart of darkness?

The character of Marlow in Heart of Darkness acts as a vessel for the reader's journey into the heart of darkness. Through Marlow's narration, the reader is guided through the harrowing landscapes of Africa and exposed to the horrors of imperialism, allowing for a firsthand experience of the moral and psychological depths explored in the novella.

What is the significance of the character of Kurtz in Heart of Darkness, and how does his story contribute to the larger themes of the novella?

The character of Kurtz in Heart of Darkness holds great significance as he embodies the ultimate corruption and degradation brought about by imperialism. Kurtz represents the apex of the darkness within humanity, highlighting the moral decay that occurs when power is unchecked. His story serves as a cautionary tale, underscoring the themes of moral ambiguity, the destructive nature of imperialism, and the potential for the human soul to be consumed by darkness.

How does Joseph Conrad's personal experiences and observations of colonialism shape his depiction of Africa in Heart of Darkness?

Joseph Conrad's personal experiences and observations of colonialism shape his depiction of Africa in Heart of Darkness. Having traveled to the Congo and witnessed the horrors of imperialism, Conrad draws upon these firsthand encounters to create a vivid and searing portrayal of Africa. His depiction reflects the harsh realities and oppressive nature of colonial rule, challenging the prevailing narratives of the time.
                                                      

References

Heart of Darkness : Joseph Conrad : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive. (n.d.). Internet Archive. https://archive.org/details/ost-english-conrad_joseph_1857_1924_heart_of_darkness

Renner, S. (1976). Kurtz, Christ, and the Darkness of “Heart of Darkness.” Renascence, 28(2), 95–104. https://doi.org/10.5840/renascence197628217

Moonsu Shin. (2009, March). Darkness at the Heart of Anti-Imperialism: Racism in Conrad’s Heart of Darkness. The Journal of English Language and Literature, 55(1), 61–82. https://doi.org/10.15794/jell.2009.55.1.003

Critical Purview of Romanticism: Renaissance of Wonder, Subjectivity, Emotional and Imaginative , Free Human Spirit



The Transformative Essence of Romanticism: Reviving Awe, Individualism, Emotional Depth, and the Unfettered Human Soul

Exploring the Dimensions of Romanticism: A Multifaceted Journey through Strangeness, Wonder, Subjectivity, Emotional Depth, Imagination, and Liberated Human Spirit

The term ' Romanticism ' has been variously defined by different critics Walter Pater calls it ' the addition of strangeness to beauty '. Watts Dunton defines it as the renaissance of wonder. Abercrombie, on the other hand, stresses the subjective element of romanticism, and writes, ' Romanticism is a withdrawal outer experience to concentrate upon inner experience '. Legouis and Cazamian emphasize both the emotional and imaginative aspects of romanticism and point out the ' accented predominance of emotional life, provoked and directed by the exercise of the imaginative vision '. The Romantic Movement, says W. J. Long, ' was marked and is always marked by a strong reaction and protest against the bondage of rule and custom which in science and theology as well as in literature, generally tend to fetter the free human spirit '. So victor Hugo rightly defines romanticism as ' liberalism in literature '.


A TO Z Literary Principles from History of English Literature: Note 25 (Indo-European Language Family)




A Set of 26 Objective Questions & Answers

1.Indo-European Language Family is the most widely spoken family of languages in the world covering more or less 1.6 billion speakers. 

2.No written records or solid archaeological evidence of the Indo-European tribe.

3.Indo-European Language Family: Comparative Languages: Albanian, Armenian, Baltic, Celtic, Germanic, Greek, Indo-Iranian, Italic (including the Romance languages), Slavic, and two extinct subfamilies, Anatolian (including Hittite) and Tocharian.)

A TO Z Literary Principles from History of English Literature: Note 26



 
A Set of 26 Objective Questions & Answers

Widsith means   ' wide traveler’

Lollard Movement:  Originally a movement group of oxford followers of the unorthodox doctrines of John Wycliffe in the fourteenth century.

The Lollard Movement continued till the Sixteenth century.

Their main demands were for freely available vernacular translations of the Bible, and a reduction in the materialism and powers of the Catholic Church.


In the golden treasury of Elizabethan poetry The Sonnet as a poetical type is of the utmost significance. 

Model Question Paper 1 English Literature Literary Texts: ARMS AND THE MAN by George Barnard Shaw



Difficulty Level: Graduation        Time: 1hr 30 Mnt
Each Question: Word Limit: 30

ARMS AND THE MAN by     George Barnard Shaw Short Questions - Answers

What is the significance of the title, ‘Arms and The Man’?

Answer: The title "Arms and The Man" symbolizes the contrasting themes explored in the play. "Arms" represents the romanticized ideals of war and heroism, while "The Man" refers to the practical and realistic portrayal of soldiers as flawed individuals.

'The Man is not a conventional stage soldier' - why?

Answer: The character of Captain Bluntschli, referred to as "The Man," is not a conventional stage soldier because he defies the traditional stereotypes of heroic and fearless warriors. Bluntschli is pragmatic, focused on survival, and possesses a deep understanding of the realities of war.

Is the setting of 'Arms and The Man' Ruritanian?

Answer: No, the setting of "Arms and The Man" is not Ruritanian. The play is set in a fictitious town in Bulgaria during the Serbo-Bulgarian War of 1885.

What is the 'romantic view of war'?

Answer: The 'romantic view of war' refers to the idealized and glorified perception of war as noble, heroic, and full of honor. It is a perspective that emphasizes bravery, chivalry, and the pursuit of noble ideals in the context of armed conflict.

What lesson did Sergius learn from the realities of war?

Answer: Sergius, a character in the play, learns that the realities of war are far different from the romanticized notions he held. He realizes that courage and bravery alone do not guarantee victory or make one a hero. He discovers the importance of practical strategies, adaptability, and critical thinking on the battlefield.

What is a Turkish ottoman?

Answer: A Turkish ottoman refers to a low, upholstered seat or footstool commonly used in Turkey and other Middle Eastern cultures. It is typically cushioned and often decorated with intricate designs.

Write a note on 'Byron' (Act-I).

Answer: In Act I, Raina mentions 'Byron' in reference to the poet Lord Byron. Byron was a prominent figure in Romantic literature, known for his passionate and adventurous persona. Raina's mention of Byron reflects her romanticized view of love, heroism, and idealized notions of masculinity.

Write a note on Pushkin (Act-I).

Answer: In Act I, Raina mentions 'Pushkin' in reference to the Russian poet Alexander Pushkin. Pushkin is considered one of the greatest Russian poets and a significant figure in Russian literature. Raina's reference to Pushkin reflects her appreciation for romantic and poetic ideals.

What do you understand by 'Don Quixote at the windmills'?

Answer: 'Don Quixote at the windmills' refers to a famous episode in the novel "Don Quixote" by Miguel de Cervantes. Don Quixote, a chivalrous and idealistic character, mistakes windmills for giants and charges at them in a misguided attempt at heroism. The phrase is often used to describe someone engaging in futile or misguided endeavors.

What is Ernani?

Answer: 'Ernani' is an opera by Giuseppe Verdi. In the play, Raina mentions 'Ernani' in the context of romantic and passionate love. The opera tells the story of a bandit, Ernani, and his love for a noblewoman, Elvira, amidst political and emotional turmoil.

Why did Raina mention 'Ernani' to a man?

Answer: Raina mentions 'Ernani' to Captain Bluntschli as a way to evoke romantic and passionate sentiments. She uses the reference to gauge Bluntschli's response and to engage in a flirtatious conversation, exploring their shared appreciation for romantic ideals.

What is Byronism?

Answer: Byronism refers to the literary and cultural movement influenced by the works and persona of Lord Byron. It emphasizes individualism, emotional intensity, and a rebellious spirit against societal norms. Byronism celebrates the pursuit of personal passions and ideals, often associated with a romantic and poetic sensibility.

Who is Childe Harold?

Answer: Childe Harold is the protagonist of Lord Byron's narrative poem, "Childe Harold's Pilgrimage." He is a melancholic and disillusioned young nobleman who embarks on a journey across Europe to find solace and meaning in life. Childe Harold represents a brooding and introspective character, reflecting Byron's own thoughts and emotions.

Write a note on the 'Cossacks'.

Answer: The 'Cossacks' were a group of predominantly East Slavic-speaking people who inhabited the region known as Cossack Hetmanate, which encompassed parts of modern-day Ukraine and Russia. They were known for their military skills, independence, and semi-nomadic way of life. In the context of the play, the mention of Cossacks represents the romanticized notion of brave and fierce warriors.

What do you mean by 'the seamy side of life'?

Answer: 'The seamy side of life' refers to the darker, less idealized aspects of human existence. It represents the hidden flaws, struggles, and immoralities that exist beneath the surface of society. It contrasts with the romanticized view of life, exposing the harsh realities and imperfections that are often overlooked.

"I have gone through the war like a knight in a tournament" – Who said this and to whom? Where does this conversation occur?

Answer: Sergius says this to Raina during a conversation that takes place in Act II. Sergius compares his experiences in war to those of a chivalrous knight engaging in a tournament, suggesting his idealistic and heroic perspective on his military actions.

What does 'Knight in a tournament' mean?

Answer: 'Knight in a tournament' refers to the image of a medieval knight participating in a formal combat competition. It symbolizes bravery, honor, and adherence to a code of chivalry. Sergius's comparison implies that he sees his involvement in the war as a noble and valiant endeavor.

'She never cared two straws about me' – Who said this and to whom? Where does this expression occur?

Answer: Sergius says this to Raina during a conversation in Act II. Sergius expresses his realization that Raina never truly cared deeply for him and that her feelings were superficial. The expression occurs as Sergius confronts the truth about their relationship.

"Of all the fools ever let loose on a field of battle, that man must be the very maddest" - Who made this remark and to whom? About whom was the remark made? Where does this expression occur?

Answer: Major Petkoff made this remark to Raina about Captain Bluntschli in Act II. The remark criticizes Bluntschli's unconventional tactics and practical approach to war, suggesting that he is the most foolish among all the soldiers on the battlefield.

Write a very short note on the character of Raina as you find it in Act I of the play 'Arms and The Man'.

Answer: In Act I, Raina emerges as a young woman deeply influenced by romantic ideals. She embodies the image of a romantic heroine, with her passionate nature and idealized perception of love and heroism. Raina is initially infatuated with Sergius, perceiving him as a heroic figure. However, as the act progresses, subtle hints of her practicality and underlying complexity begin to surface, setting the stage for her character development throughout the play.

Michael Drayton’s "Since There's No Help, Come Let Us Kiss and Part” : Critical Appreciation



"Since there's no Help, come let us kiss and part”
                                       Michael Drayton                                               

Sonnet LXI: Since There's No Help

Since there's no help, come, let us kiss and part,
Nay, I have done, you get no more of me,
And I am glad, yea, glad with all my heart,
That thus so cleanly I myself can free.
Shake hands for ever, cancel all our vows,
And when we meet at any time again
Be it not seen in either of our brows
That we one jot of former love retain.
Now at the last gasp of Love's latest breath,
When, his pulse failing, Passion speechless lies,
When Faith is kneeling by his bed of death,
And Innocence is closing up his eyes,
Now, if thou wouldst, when all have giv'n him over,
From death to life thou might'st him yet recover.

Michael Drayton’s Sonnet, "Since there's no help, come let us kiss and part" is  included   sonnet No - 61 of Drayton’s Sonnet cycle Ideas Mirror, comprising sixty three Sonnet's in all. The Sonnet is typically an Elizabethan one with remarkable grace of love and bitterness.

It is be noted in this connection That Drayton’s Sonnet - sequence of Ideas Mirror is no poetical work of very high order in poetical value , as a whole is rather mediocre . Yet the present sonnet, sonnet No -61 is highly impressive and well - executed specimen of Elizabethan sonnet. This is even estimated as the one specific sonnet that deserves to be ranked with some of Shakespeare’s best workmanship.

Understanding The Background and Intervening Years of Two World Wars



“This is not peace. It is an armistice for twenty years.” 
Marshal Foch of France on Versailles Treaty's contents after First World War

 Unraveling the Historical Landscape: The Preceding Events and Interwar Years between Two World Wars

From Serenity to Nightmare: The Traumatic Aftermath of World War I and the Precursor to World War II

The period of twenty five years (1914-1939) between the first world war and the beginning of the second world war offered the sharpest possible contrast to the official serenity and complacency of the Victorian era.  Victorian period, followed as it was by the equally staid Edwardian period from 1901 to 1910, made the English society feel itself permanently freed from wholesale destruction of life and devastation of property. Consequently, the First World War, with it’s over whelming anxieties, sacrifices, and disasters, came as a terrific shock to the society. The entire society had to undergo four years of suffering, and sacrifice, and only the hope that this war was a war and surely the world for democracy provided the necessary grit. Yet the war itself was not the end of the nightmare for its impact continued right till the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939.

The All-Encompassing Conflict: Societal Mobilization and Optimism during the First World War

This was the first war which would not be limited to the regular army. The entire civilian populace becomes part of the war effort. Thousands of young men – from every class and every conceivable stratum of society – joined the army. Artists, critics, factory workers, salesman and clerks, all joined in, cheered by their family members. It was as if the war was a celebration to be welcomed. The optimism and enthusiasm was infectious. For king and country become a famous slogan, and the optimistic felt that the glorious war would end in a matter of months.

But the bubble of optimism soon burst instead of being over in a few months, it lasted over four years, wreaking enormous, devastation of men and materials. The city of London was devastated by the dropping of bums, and the society was at a loss as Lawrence wrote, "It was in 1915 the old world ended ……..the city, in some way, perished from being the heart of the world, and became a vortex of broken passions, lusts, hopes and fears."    (Kangaroo)

The objections to the war in creased, and many “conscientious objectors” became ready to face imprisonment than volunteer for war. The horror of the war-front led the war. My subject is war, and the pity of war, alone stroke the war deprived the British society of a significant section of its Young man.

From Triumph to Turmoil: The Post-War Fallout, Economic Depression, and Socio-Political Transformations in Britain

Even though the end of the war in 1918 saw British military triumph, it was filled by a period of reaction. Within a decade the economic consequences of First World War at last made them felt in the onset of an economic depression such as the world had never seen. Although it began as a crash in the American stock market in 1929, the reverberations were felt with particular strength in England, taxes, greatly increased to pay back the enormous costs of the conflict, mounted to such a height that they not only impoverished the salaried professional classes, but also threatened to wipe out the estates of most aristocrats. Further, the collapse of the war economy meant unemployment on a scale hither to unknown.

The two significant events in the post war situation were the granting of the vote to women and the general strike of 1926.the long existing suffragette demand for the right to vote to women – a demand which had often a violent form of expression- finally found its consummation in 1918. At first franchise was granted only to women above 30, but later it was extended to almost all men and women above 21. The momentous event of a general strike occurred in 1926 when the coal-mine workers decided to strike against the mine owners who threatened to lower wages.

One surprising phenomenon was the rise of socialism, particularly among the intellectuals. Marxism filled an uncomfortable vacuum which liberalism had left. Arthur Koestler has evoked, in his autobiography, the emotional impact and intellectual attraction of Marxism; “it was……born out of the despair of world war and civil war, of social unrest and economic chaos ……..” Many like Auden joined the “International Brigade’ to support the fledgling Marxist government which was being threatened by the right armies. Although this did not survive the past Second World War situation, it did give on evidence of the inter war frustration. 

Conclusion

The interwar years between the two World Wars were marked by a tumultuous period of economic consequences, social upheaval, and political shifts. Following the British military triumph in 1918, the onset of an unprecedented economic depression brought about significant challenges. The granting of voting rights to women and the 1926 general strike were pivotal events that reshaped the socio-political landscape. The repercussions of the war and subsequent economic collapse reverberated throughout society, leading to widespread unemployment and financial strain. These intervening years set the stage for the immense global changes and conflicts that would unfold in the years to come.

    Ardhendu De   

References

A history of English literature : Buchan, John, 1875-1940 : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive. (n.d.). Internet Archive. https://archive.org/details/historyofenglish00buch

Full text of “A History Of English Literature Vol. 3 Ed.1st.” (n.d.). Full Text of “a History of English Literature Vol. 3 Ed.1st.” https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.100288/2015.100288.A-History-Of-English-Literature-Vol-3--Ed1st_djvu.txt

An outline history of English literature : Hudson, William Henry, 1862-1918 : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive. (n.d.). Internet Archive. https://archive.org/details/outlinehistoryof00hudsuoft

A history of English literature : Compton-Rickett, Arthur, 1869-1937 : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive. (n.d.). Internet Archive. https://archive.org/details/historyofenglish00comprich

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