AD's English Literature

FUNDAMENTAL GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY : TET, SSC ETC 1. Using suitable words from the list -- ( horde, mob, crowd, gang, band, group, company, squad,crew, team Ans- (a) D uring the riots the mob got out of control and police were forced to open fire. (b) The sergeant major was drilling a company of soldier’s on the aquarium . (c)Although they defended themselves bravely, they could not keep off the horde of Indians that attacked then in thousands. (d) The crowd that watched the football match broke in to groups on leaving the field. (e) The aeroplane crew could see the gang of robbers rushing away to hide in the forests. (f) The hoarder/band of workmen soon had the new piece railway track lay. 2. Arrange the words in the two lists so as to make pairs. A                    B 1. Pelican 1.orchaed 2. Crapes 2. Oil 3. Fruit trees 3. Case...

Fielding was essaying in the art of the novel when the genre was yet in its incipient stage and Fielding can therefore be called a pioneer. More than anybody else Fielding himself was aware of his role in the evolution of his genre and although he disclaims the title of a pure divine tyrant, he asserts his independence about being ‘founder’: As I am in reality, the founder of a new province of writing,   So I am at liberty to make what laws I please there in.  And there laws, my readers, whom I consider my subject, Are bound to believe in and obey………[Book II Tom Jones ] It is in the preface to Joseph Andrews that Fielding points out the true nature of his creation ‘a comic epic in prose. He distinguishes it from many other genres including history, serious romance, and comedy, burlesque and heroic romances. It is different from history in that it does not imitate the ‘painful and voluminous historian’ as also in that it often admits of ‘chasms’ in the history. It is dis...

"Heroes, notwithstanding the high Ideas, which by the Means of Flatterers they may entertain of themselves, or the World may conceive of them, have certainly more of Mortal than Divine about them. However elevated their Minds may be, their Bodies at least (which is much the major Part of most) are liable to the worst Infirmities, and subject to the vilest Offices of human Nature. Among these latter the Act of Eating, which hath by several wise Men been considered as extremely mean and derogatory from the Philosophic Dignity, must be in some Measure performed by the greatest Prince, Heroe, or Philosopher upon Earth; nay, sometimes Nature hath been so frolicksome as to exact of these dignified Characters, a much more exorbitant Share of this Office, than she hath obliged those of the lowest Order to perform." - Tom Jones by Henry Fielding Although Fielding called his novel a ‘comic – epic in prose’, the epithet of ‘picaresque’ would be equally justified. This, of course, do...

"After independence, the Indo-Anglican writer of fiction is more self-confident than ever before. These are a sudden widening of the horizons and a keener and deeper interest in the history of our people and country. Again and again we find a conflict of ideologies raging in the minds of our post independence novelist. W hereas poverty, hunger, death and disease form the key notes of symphony, movements like humanitarianism, socialism and liberalism spot-light the finer and the more sublime aspects of their dreams for the future. The post-independence novelist seems to stand between the two worlds-one dead, the other yet to be born. It is difficult to predict the course of this novel, though it is full of potentialities which may be vital to the nation as a whole. " ( The  Cambridge History of English Literat ure ) The fiction writers in this era are not in large number. A s parkling writer is Su d hin Ghose with his three books And Gazelles Leaping, Cradle of the Clouds an...

Introduction: Tiresias: The central figure:  Tiresias, according to T. S. Eliot is the central figure in "The Waste Land"( who appears in the poem's third section, "The Fire Sermon"), an interested spectator of the modern waste land and, what Tiresias sees is the substance of the whole poem. In  T.S. Eliot's "The Waste Land" he is seen as a symbol of transformation and renewal.  Eliot's use of Tiresias in the poem represents the cyclical nature of life and the possibility of rebirth from the ruins of the past.  The significance of Tiresias is complex and varied. Historically he is connected with the story of King Oedipus of Thebes, which is clearly  demonstrable to the classical legend of a waste land, with striking resemblance to the drought infested, sin – ridden kingdom of the medieval Fisher King.   Tiresias: Connection with King Oedipus and His Waste Land:  The way the introduction of Tiresias serves complicates the unethical frame of th...

An essay is a short composition in prose. Saintsbury calls it "a work of prose arts." Dr. Johnson defines it as "a loose sally of the mind, an irregular, undigested piece, not a regular and orderly performance." There are various types of essays: personal ones that give the author's own experiences, impressions, or reactions; aphoristic ones that provide impersonal reflections on wisdom and philosophy; periodical ones that are published in dailies, weeklies, or monthlies, discussing contemporary social or political problems, etc. Now let us examine the different stages of its development in English, particularly from  Francis Bacon (1561-1626) to Joseph Addison  (1672-1719) .   (Renaissance/ Elizabethan essays--> Restoration essays--> Augustan essays) To trace the history of the English Essay we shall have to go back to the Elizabethan Age, The miscellaneous work of a few University wits like Lyly, Greene, Lodge, and Nashe has some traces of novel. ...

It is significant coincidence that Mulk Raj Anand, R.K. Narayan, and Raja Rao , the three major writers of the Indian novel in English , belonged to the thirties of the twentieth century. Their prolific literary output defined the Gandhian dream of India . Their bland of political ideology and social realism ensured that the English prose fiction would be the medium for the definition of a new Indian and aspiration. We will now carry a few sketches of Raja Rao’s life and literary outputs. Raja Rao belongs to an ancient Brahmin family of Mysore. He receives his early education from Muslin from Aligarh Muslim University Raja Rao has been familiar with variety of languages Kannada, Telugu, Urdu, English and even French etc. His wide learning and the discovery of the mantra of true in the classical literature of ancient India lead him as a creative artist.  Raja Rao imitates his writing carver in knead, but the work that makes people take note of his is his first novel in English Kan...

Twentieth century literary criticism has a wide variety. It is the result of the great  variety and complexity of the century itself-in all walks of life. The arm of the century inherited subjective and impressionistic criticism from Waller patter and Swinburne. The impressionistic criticism is based on the individual response to a literary work. Symon s and Spingram are the well known impressionistic. Then, there is a psychological school of criticism, and a sociological school of critics. Then, there is a psychological school of criticism, and a sociological school of criticism. There psychological school of criticism regards all literary creation as the mar formation of the artist’s psychological abnegation.  The sociological school of criticism lays stress on the importance of mid-line in reference to the making of an artist. Modern criticism has discarded some of the bold canons of crisis and commendable work in evaluating some of the Elizabethan and Noe-classical writ...

The Pre- Raphaelite movement was started in 1810 by two German painters, Cornelius and Overbeck. It was called Pre- Raphaelite Brethren’. In England it was started by D.G. Rossetti, Hunt and Millais in 1848. It was called Per- Raphaelite Brotherhood . Its object was to revive in painting the simplicity, natural ease and grace of the ea r ly painters of Italy before Raphael. They indented themselves artistically with the painters before Raphael. Later on the move mint was joined by Morris and Swinburne. Of these D.G. Rossetti, M orr is and Swinburne were poets, the other were painters. Rossetti was both painter and poet. These there poets represent the Pre-Raphaelite school of poetry. The poetry of the Per-Raphaelite poet was also called by some critics as the poetry of the ‘Fleshly school’.

Introduction: The one act play practically made its entrance in the twentieth century and it concentrates both the denouement and climax within its short space. Herman Ould comments on one act play as, “It may be neat, compact and rigid: but it may also be wayward, expansive and flexible. So long as it does not conflict with the fundamental principles of drama, it may venture in to a hundred different directions and exploit almost as many themes as the ingenuity and inventiveness of the author can suggest.” In fact,  the twentieth century brought about a transformation in the world of literature and drama. One of the notable innovations during this period was the rise of the one-act play. These shorter dramatic pieces became a hallmark of modernist and avant-garde movements in English literature. Here, we'll delve into the history and characteristics of one-act plays, focusing on their unique ability to pack the climax and denouement into a brief and intense narrative. Origins of ...

John Galsworthy , a “master of yesterday” in English fiction, does not ate height in critical evaluation today. That perhaps in an indicator of transience of fame when based on the surface of things or better still it exhibits the parade of literary fashion which so often rejects the beau model of yesterday are for the beau ideal of the next if only to keep the critic abreast of his times. Galsworthy has been variously described as one of the vile materialists, the protagonist of the well-made novel and the creator of well-made characters, which rather correspond to types despite the particularization they receive in the hands of their creator. Perhaps these are all true, but what is true is that these by themselves do not tell the whole truth. Galsworthy’s presentation of characters in The Man of Property presumes a background with which the novelist was intimately connected in life. The action of the novel or the trilogy of which if forms a distinct and independent first part is ...

The entire poetic career of Yeats , stretching over a period of about fifty years may be classified in to four sharply distinct hazes. It is of course, true that a critical analysis which concentrates on dissection is bound to be erroneous. Indeed it is not fair to segregate and pin down each phase as exclusively separate. A critical analysis which is equivalent to true appreciation will not put each such phase in to water bight compartment. Three is however, a consensus of opinion amongst crib as that Yeast’s poetic career shows a development which is almost organic. Eminent cities including T.S. Eliot hold the view that Yeats’s creative faculty manifests a sort of organic development and growth. T.S. Eliot’s pertinent observation merits quotation.              “I can think of no poet, not even the greatest, who has shown a longer period of development than Yeats. Development to this extent is not merely generous, it is char...