FUNDAMENTAL GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY : PGT , TGT and Other Competitive Examinations
FUNDAMENTAL GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY : TET, SSC ETC
1.
Using suitable words from the list --(
horde, mob, crowd, gang, band, group, company, squad,crew, team
Ans- (a) During the riots the
mob got out of control and police were forced to open fire.
(b) The sergeant major was
drilling a company of soldier’s on the aquarium.
(c)Although they defended
themselves bravely, they could not keep off the horde of Indians that attacked then in thousands.
(d) The crowd that watched
the football match broke in to groups on leaving the field.
(e) The aeroplane crew could
see the gang of robbers rushing away to hide in the forests.
(f) The hoarder/band of
workmen soon had the new piece railway track lay.
2.
Arrange the words in the two lists so as to make pairs.
A B
1. Pelican
1.orchaed
2. Crapes
2. Oil
3. Fruit
trees 3. Case
4. Cricket
4.tannery
5. Barrel
5. Mint
6. Coal 6.
Crossing
7. Leather
7. Rod
8.
Spectacles 8. Vineyard
9. Angler
9. Pitch
10. Money
10. Scuttle
Ans-
1_______6 /2_______8/ 3_______1/4________9/ 5_______2/6_______10/
3.Work
out the examples (luring into comparative degree)
(a) Peter
is the worst singer in the world.
(b) Our
Indian culture is better than any other cutler in the world
(c) No
Nightingale sings as sweetly as the reaper.
(d) Rest
seemed the sweets thing under a roof.
Ans –(a) Peter
is worse than most other singers in the world.
(b) Our Indian culture is
better than any other culture in the world
(c)The reaper sings more
sweetly than any nightingale.
(d) Rest under a roof seemed
sweeter than anything else.
4. What
is the called Gerund? Give an example.
Ans – Gerard is a combination
of verb and noun. It formed by adding ‘ing’ to the verb. As a noun it can be
the subject or object of a verb.
Exp- Reading is a good habit.
Read+ing
Vb+ing
Subject (Gerund)
Rahit has learnt swimming
swim+ing
vb+ing
Object (Gerund)
5.
Shortening/ joining the sentences by using Gerund.
Ans- Aliabad uttered “Open
sesame”. The stone wall of the cave parted. He then entered in to the cave.
On uttering “Open sesame “the
stone wall of the cave having parted, Aliabad a entered in to cave.
The Giant listened to the
music of a limit. He thought the king musicians were passing by.
Listening to the music of a
linnet the Giant thought that king’s musicians were passing by.
6. Joining by using a
participle.
(Participles are verbs of
incomplete predication ending in ‘ing’ ov’ed’ being, having, deign, burnt,
painted etc.)
(a)We are late for the rain.
We hired a taxi. We hoped to meet the friends.
(b) He is tired. He takes
rest at an inn for the night.
Ans-(a) Being late for the
rain we hired a taxi hoping to meet the friends.
(b)Being tired, he takes rest
at an inn for the might.
7. Use
one word for the underlined phrases.
a. Mark Antony offered the
crown three times .
b. The servant brought
letters of unknown authorship.
c. The prophetic sings did
not favour casar’s going to the senate-House.
d. The man who auompanied
Caesar as his protectors were his enemies.
Ans- a. thrice, b. anonymous,
c. omens, d. escorted
8. Use
one word for the following:
a. More than human- _ super
human
b. study of religion _ theology
c. holding excessively
strong- _
dogmatic
d. to sail around- _ circumnavigate
e. a roundabout expression- _ circumlocution
f. enclose or outline- _ circumscribe
g. to get around or avoid _ circumstances
act of event
h. the surroundings of an- _ circumstances
i. the distance round a
circle- _
circumference
j. One who eats human flesh- _ cambial?
k. One who walks in sleep _ somnambulist?
l. A person in charge of a
museum- _
curator
m. A place where birds are
kept- _
aviary
n. A place where rabbits are
kept _
hutch
o. A house or shelter for a
dog- _
kennel
9. What
is called collective noun? Give an example.
Ans- A collected noun is a
noun that denotes a group of things of the same kind. Exp- A fleet of ships.
In the phrase ‘a fleet of
ships’, ‘fleet’ is a collective noun that denotes a group of things of the same
kind ‘ship’.
A few more example------
a. a quiver of arrows
b. a pride of lions
c. a muster of soldiers
d. a clutch of eggs
e. a gaggle of geese
f. a troupe of actors
10.Note
the following definitions.
a) The study of animals—Zoology
b) The application of science—Technology
c) The study of working of
the human body—philosophy
d) The study of birds—ornithology
e) The study of mankind—Anthropology
f. The study of the origin of
words—Etymology
g) The study of weather—Meteorology
h) The study of mountain—Otology
i) The study of lakes—Limnology
11. What
is the called modifiers? Answer with examples.
Ans- The words or phrases
which are used to modify the nouns or noun groups in the sentences are called modifiers.
They may be placed before or
after the nouns or noun groups. A modifier which is placed before a noun or
noun group is called pre-modifier.
E4xp- A dancing flower. A
crawling snake.
A post modifier is placed
after a vb or N
Exp-We noticed a boy falling
from the tree. I found a man standing at the door
12.
How will you teach the students of nominal compound?
Ans – I will first define
nominal compound to the student that spume times a noun and a noun phrase are joined
in a compact manner in order to express clearly and precisely a person or thing
which is called nominal compound.
Further, I will tell them
that compounding can done by noun + noun (foot ball match), noun +vb (rain fall),
vb+ noun (watchdog), adj+ noun (black board) etc.
13.
Fill in the blanks with appropriate expressions chosen from thus given bellow.
(Drop out, drop in, drop off, drop by)
(a) She ______ of college as
the dewed to become a dancer rather than a graduate.
(b) I ______ and missed the
end of the film.
(c) My friends usually
_______ in the evening for a chat and tea.
(d) The sale of cold drinks
starts to________ as winter approaches.
Ans- (a) drop out (b) drop
off (c) drop in (d) drop by
14. Bring out the meaning of
the following pain of words: fusillade, oscillate
Ans- Fusillade (rapid
shooting from a number of rifles or other firearms simultaneously): English
soldiers cannot survive the fusillade by the German Soldiers at A Hill.
Oscillate (to keep moving
between extremes of feeling, behavior or opinion): Her moods have been
oscillating wildly since came off the oblong.
15.
A few voice changes:
(a) It can easily be pointed
out that our education system has its faults.
(b) For tunately in God’s
world, the tyranny of vices is not tolerated.
(c)She found not object worth
her constancy
(d) Promises should be kept.
Ans- (a) One can easily point
out that our education system has its faults.
(b) Fortunately, in Gods
world, none tolerates the tyranny of vices.
(c)No object worth her
constancy was found by her.
(d) One should keep one’s
promises.
16.
Rewrite the sentence correctly:
(a) No sooner had hockey
match started when it began to rain.
(b) There is only one of his
novels that are interesting.
(c) Knowledge of at least two
languages are required to pass the examination.
(d) Ten miles are a long way
to walk.
Ans- No sooner had the hockey
match started, than it began to rain. (This can also be written as – No sooner
did the hockey match start, than it began to rain.
You should always remember
that the sentences with ‘no sooner’, the helping verb will be always before the
‘subject’)
(b) There is only one of his
novels that is interesting.
(c)Knowledge of at least two
languages is required to pass the examination.( In both these two sentences the
subject is singular, thus will take singular verb)
(d) Than miles are long ways
to walk. (It in a particular sentence ‘a numeral+ plural noun’ indicates a definite
quantity, distance height, weighted singular verb in used e.g.
Ten thousand rupees is a
handsome salary. Ten thousand_ numeral rupees-_ plural
noun is-_
singular
noun
But if ‘numeral adjective+
plural noun’ indicates different things, plural verb will be used e.g.
Three hundred bags have been
sold.)
17. A
few idioms and their usage
(a) She is a fair weather
friend. (One who deserts you in difficulties?)
(b) Peter took his father’s
did in harness job. (Die while still in service)
(c)After independence Indian
agriculture rose like a phoenix due to the Green Revolution. (With a new life)
(d) His failure at the
election has been a sore point with him for a long time. (Something which
hurts)
(e) He was progressing by
leaps and bombs because of his hard work. (Rapidly)
(f) The news of the accident
came as a bolt from the blue. (Something expected and unpleasant)
18.
What is the called reflexive pronouns? Give examples.
Ans Occasionally the action
expressed by a transitive verb is directed upon the doer himself. The action
bends back or reflects upon
the doer. Such verbs are said to be used reflexively and their object direct indirect,
is a reflexive pronoun.
Exp- I made myself useful.
They were making themselves
tea.
He buried himself in the
garden.
19. How
can you differentiate you, yours; her, hers, etc…….
Personal pronouns: [I, me,
we, us You He, she, him, her, it, they, then]
Possessive pronouns: mine,
yours, his, hers, ours, theirs.
Adjective Pronouns
no _ no one,
none, nobody, nothing
some _ someone,
some body, something
any _ anyone,
anybody, anything
every _ everyone,
everybody, everything
20.What
is called an absolute phrase? Give an example.
Ans- An absolute phrase is an
adverb phrase grammatically, but not logically, independent of the rest of the
sentence in which it is used. It usually consists of a noun (or pronoun) and a
participle, and neither noun nor participle is grammatically related to any
other word in the sentence. It is always demarcated by commas.
Exp- 1. The cost of flour
having risen, bread will be darer tomorrow.
2.The car lay helpless, her
nose buried deep I the ditch.
21.
Join the following pair of sentences in a single sentence.
(a) He was a great statesman.
He had worked well for his country. He was very popular. He was awarded the
little of Bharat Rather.
(b)I require a car. My friend
is ready to help me with it. A man tells me. He has just come.
Ans-(a) He, a great very
popular statesman, who had worked well for his country, was awarded the littler
of Bharat Rather.
(b) A man who has just come
tells me that my friend is ready to help me with a car which I require.
21.
What function does a preposition do in a sentence?
Ans A preposition in a
sentence combines three on and another word or the sentence as a whole; it expresses
some kind of relation; together with other words create phrase which defines
enlarges the meaning of the word or the sentence to which it is added.
Exp- To our surprise, the
wind suddenly changed.
22.
Prepositional usage: A few examples
Of- the house of my uncle, a
man of ability (posse son)- a house of brick (material or substance)- he died of
heart failure (cause)
With- come with me
accompaniment)- he behaved with dignity ( manner)- I hit him with my stick ( instrument)-
ill with influenza, pale with excite mint ( cause).
For- for two months
(duration)-he did it for me, he died for his country (8person or thing
interested or benefited)- for nothing, for sixpence (price)-I could not speak
for language ( cause)- he came to London for an interview (purpose).
23. How
can you differentiate a phrase and clues?
Ans- A phrase and a clause
are alike in one important respect neither serves any intelligible purpose
until it is fitted into the structure of a sentence logically and
grammatically. But they differ in that a phrase does not contain a subject or a
finite verb, where as a clause loess. The difference is simply illustrated by a
comparison of the phrase ‘at his departure’ with the clause ‘when he departed’
in the following two sentences- We lost a good accountant at his departure.
We lost a good accountant
when he departed.
24.
Differentiate the meaning of the following pair of words: inimical, protract,
protect.
Inimical means harmful to
something, not helping something.
Protract means to last longer
than expected.
Protect means to save.
25.
Change the mode of narration:
(a) “When will you able to
join?” he asked.
(b) The girl enquired whether
she could bring her brought with her.
Ans- (a) He asked when I
would be able to join.
(b) The girl said,” can I
bring my brother with me?”
26.
Make four sentences with four phrases:
pass away ;pass over ; pass by ; pass on
Ans- Pass away (die)_ His father
has passed away on Tuesday.
Pass over (overlook)_ He passed
over his uncle’s unkind remarks.
Pass by (to overlook)_ Most
mothers pass by their children’s faults.
Pass on (proceed)_ Het us now
pass on to the next topic.
27. Define
Principal clause and subordinate cause and give example.
Ans- When a clause or a part
of sentence does not depend on other clauses and can make complete sense by
them, it is called principal clause.
When a clause depends on
principal clause and cannot make complete sense by them, it is called subordinate
clause.
Exp- I might have given you a
bow if I were not so poor myself.
(a)Principal clause (b)
sulardinate clause
28.
Change the voice:
(a)
you should pay the bill within due date. (b) Who has done this?
Ans- (a) the bill should be
paid within due data. (b) By whom has this been done?
29.
Make two different sentences where the modals are defiantly used_ (a)
could (b) will
Ans- (a) Could_ 1. For
indicating ability_ His group father could walk on his hands.
2. For asking permission_ could I
borrow two books from the library
(b) Will_ 1. For
indicating certainty_ you have invited me and I will come.
2. for indicating possibility_ Do you
thing he will get the job?
30.
A list of common antonyms
Words Antonyms
Initial final
Boring exciting
Dry wet
Traditional innovative
Preservation extinction
Change retain
Famous anonymous
Here are some fundamental grammar and vocabulary concepts that are important for PGT, TGT, and other competitive examinations:
- Sentence Structure: This includes understanding the different parts of speech, how to form sentences, and how to punctuate sentences correctly.
- Grammar Rules: This includes understanding the rules of grammar, such as subject-verb agreement, pronoun case, and verb tense.
- Vocabulary: This includes knowing the meaning of words and how to use them correctly in sentences.
- Reading Comprehension: This includes understanding the main idea of a passage, identifying the supporting details, and drawing inferences from the text.
- Critical Thinking: This includes being able to analyze information, evaluate arguments, and form your own opinions.
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