Comedy as a Mirror to Society: Exploring Human Foibles through Ben Jonson's Profound Insights

Introduction:

“But deeds, and language, such as men do use; And persons, such as comedy would choose, When she would show an image of the time, and sport with human follies, not with crime.”

Prologue to 'Every Man in His Humour'

In these thought-provoking lines by the renowned playwright Ben Jonson, we are offered a glimpse into the essence of comedy as a literary genre. Jonson, a master of satire and wit, highlights the power of comedy in depicting the prevailing societal norms, behaviors, and shortcomings. Unlike tragedy, which often delves into the darker aspects of human nature, comedy serves as a mirror that reflects human follies, offering both amusement and insight. This discussion explores the significance of Jonson's words, delving into how comedy serves as a window into the zeitgeist of an era and how it playfully explores the foibles and quirks that define humanity.

Ben Jonson, The Man and The Writer:

Ben Jonson

Throughout his career, Ben Jonson demonstrated an unparalleled ability to blend his classical education, keen satirical sensibilities, and a captivating writing style, solidifying his position as a towering figure in English literature. Born in Westminster, likely on June 11, 1572, Jonson's early education at Westminster School and his training in bricklaying under his stepfather might seem disconnected from his eventual literary prowess. However, these experiences contributed to his unique perspective and versatile talents.

After a brief stint with the English army in Flanders in 1592, Jonson's destiny intertwined with the theatrical world. He joined the theatrical company of Philip Henslowe in London, not only as an actor but also as an apprentice playwright, refining and reworking existing plays in the company's repertoire. It was in this context that Jonson's brilliance began to shine. His breakthrough came in 1598 with the performance of his first original play, "Every Man in His Humour," featuring none other than William Shakespeare himself. This marked the beginning of Jonson's exploration into a distinctive form of comedy characterized by eccentric characters, each representing a distinct human temperament or "humour."

Jonson's initial successes were, however, coupled with personal challenges. In the same year as his breakthrough, he found himself embroiled in a fatal duel, narrowly escaping the gallows. This tumultuous period did not hinder his creative output; he continued to produce notable works like "Every Man Out of His Humour" in 1599. These plays not only displayed his satirical prowess but also highlighted his innovative use of humor as a means of social commentary.

The next phase of Jonson's career saw him engaging in witty literary skirmishes. His comedies, such as "Cynthia's Revels" in 1600 and "The Poetaster" in 1601, took on a new dimension as he directed his satirical gaze towards fellow writers. Notably, his targets included Thomas Dekker and John Marston, both prominent English dramatists. This daring move ignited a war of words, with Dekker and Marston responding with their own satirical piece titled "Satiromastix" in 1600, aiming their literary ammunition squarely at Jonson.

Despite these fiery exchanges, the literary world was not without its reconciliations. In 1604, Jonson collaborated with Dekker on "The King's Entertainment," and in 1605, he joined forces with Marston and George Chapman for "Eastward Ho." The latter collaboration bore consequences as Marston and Chapman faced imprisonment due to the controversial viewpoints expressed in the play. In an act of solidarity, Jonson voluntarily shared their fate, a testament to the complex and often unpredictable interplay between creativity and societal norms.

In this way, Jonson's journey through the realms of comedy and literature was marked by both his innovative artistry and the entanglements of his personal life. His plays, with their rich character portrayals and incisive humor, left an indelible mark on English literature. Beyond the surface of laughter, his works revealed a masterful understanding of human nature, a deep awareness of societal intricacies, and a commitment to pushing the boundaries of comedic and dramatic storytelling. Ben Jonson's legacy endures, not just as a brilliant playwright and poet, but also as a perceptive observer of the human condition and a driving force behind the evolution of comedic expression.

Comedy's Lens on Society: A Reflection of the Times

In comedy, actions and words become the stage upon which societal norms and values are portrayed. Writers like Jonson craft characters that embody the prevailing attitudes and behaviors of their time, providing a humorous but illuminating portrayal of human interactions. By observing the deeds and language of these characters, the audience gains insights into the cultural and moral fabric of the society in which the play is set. Comedy becomes a vehicle to examine human behavior and invites us to reflect on our own actions and expressions, prompting us to question the conventions we take for granted.

Comedy, as a genre, has always been a remarkable tool for reflecting societal norms, critiquing human behavior, and offering insightful observations on the human condition. Among the many influential figures in the history of comedy, Ben Jonson stands out for his profound ideas and unique perspective on the genre. His contributions to comedy are marked by his ability to dissect human follies, unveil societal truths, and provide a mirror through which audiences can examine themselves. This essay delves into some of Ben Jonson's key ideas about comedy, highlighting how his insights continue to resonate today.

One of the fundamental concepts Jonson emphasizes is the role of comedy as a reflection of society. In his comedic works, such as "Volpone" and "The Alchemist," he artfully portrays the vices and virtues of his contemporary society. Through exaggerated characters and intricate plots, Jonson unveils the societal structures, ambitions, and moral ambiguities of his time. His keen observation of human nature allows him to construct characters who embody various traits and flaws, offering the audience a chance to both laugh and reflect on the absurdities and intricacies of human behavior.

Moral Dimension:

Jonson's comedy is also characterized by its moral dimension. He believed that comedy should not only entertain but also instruct and correct. In his preface to "Volpone," Jonson expresses his intention to "mix profit with pleasure" by using comedy to expose the consequences of vice and the rewards of virtue. This moral didacticism is embedded in his characters' journeys, where the foolish are often punished, and the just are rewarded. By employing humor as a tool for moral edification, Jonson reinforces the idea that comedy can be a powerful means to provoke thought and encourage self-improvement.

The Art of Characterization - Reflecting Human Foibles

Central to the success of comedic literature is the skillful characterization of the individuals portrayed. Jonson refers to "persons, such as comedy would choose," signifying that comedy often exaggerates and caricatures certain traits to highlight human weaknesses and foibles. These characters become archetypes of recognizable human behaviors, from the boastful braggart to the foolish know-it-all. Through their humorous misadventures and interactions, comedy both entertains and enlightens, showcasing the universal aspects of human nature that transcend time and culture.

 Laughter Without Cruelty: Sport with Follies, Not Crimes

While comedy may expose human follies, it does so in a way that is inherently different from the harshness of tragedy. It chooses to "sport with human follies, not with crime," implying that comedy maintains a light-hearted and playful tone. Unlike the moral judgments and serious consequences often found in tragedy, comedy allows us to laugh at ourselves and find amusement in our imperfections. Through this gentle satire, comedy serves as a means of catharsis, allowing society to acknowledge and come to terms with its own idiosyncrasies.

In "The Alchemist," Jonson satirizes the pursuit of alchemical dreams and the gullibility of individuals seeking shortcuts to success. The characters' misguided aspirations and their susceptibility to manipulation serve as a reflection of timeless human weaknesses. This satire extends beyond the immediate context, inviting audiences to consider the contemporary obsessions and credulities that shape their own lives.

Realism within Comedic Portrayals:

Furthermore, Jonson's emphasis on realism within comedic portrayals sets him apart. He strays from the fantastical and embraces a more grounded approach to comedy. His characters are not caricatures but multifaceted individuals who grapple with relatable human dilemmas. This commitment to realism allows his comedic works to resonate across time periods, as human nature and societal dynamics remain remarkably consistent. For instance, the themes of greed, deceit, and the manipulation of power explored in Jonson's comedies are as relevant today as they were in the 17th century.

Language and Wit:

Language and wit also play a crucial role in Jonson's comedic style. His characters engage in rapid-fire dialogues filled with wordplay, innuendos, and clever repartees. This linguistic dexterity not only adds to the comedic effect but also highlights the intricacies of human communication. Through these linguistic gymnastics, Jonson captures the art of persuasion, manipulation, and misunderstanding that are integral parts of human interaction.

 The Healing Power of Laughter - Building Empathy

Comedy's ability to amuse us by pointing out our shared human frailties fosters a sense of empathy among the audience. As we laugh at the antics and mishaps of comedic characters, we recognize that we, too, are susceptible to making similar mistakes. This realization fosters understanding and compassion for our fellow human beings. Comedy becomes a unifying force, bringing people together in the shared experience of laughter and providing an opportunity for introspection and personal growth.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, Ben Jonson's ideas of comedy encompass a multi-dimensional approach that combines societal reflection, moral didacticism, realism, and linguistic wit. His comedic works continue to hold significance because they tap into universal aspects of human nature and society. By blending humor with astute observation, Jonson invites audiences to laugh at the follies while recognizing their reflection in the characters and situations he presents. As we navigate the complexities of our own world, Jonson's insights remind us that the comedic mirror he held up to his society remains just as relevant in illuminating our own. 

Through the portrayal of deeds, language, and well-crafted characters, comedy becomes a captivating lens through which we can examine human behaviors, societal norms, and inherent follies. Comedy offers a gentle yet profound critique of our collective humanity, all the while uniting us through laughter and empathy. As we embrace the comedic mirror, we are invited to laugh at ourselves, find common ground with others, and ultimately, evolve as a more self-aware and compassionate society.

Ardhendu De

Ben Jonson : Ben Jonson : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive. (n.d.). Internet Archive. https://archive.org/details/benjonson00jons_0

The Ben Jonson Encyclopedia : Maria Palacas : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive. (n.d.). Internet Archive. https://archive.org/details/the-ben-jonson-encyclopedia