Martyrdom as the Central Theme of T. S. Eliot’s "Murder in the Cathedral" : Critical Analysis

 "Murder in the Cathedral is not just a dramatization of the death of Thomas Becket; it is a deep searching study of the significance of martyrdom.” -

To what extend does the concept of martyrdom dominate the whole atmosphere and action of the play?   

T. S. Eliot has the feelings and sentiments of a devout Christian and through the entire play, Murder In The Cathedral it resounds through the character of Becket who is a veritable martyr. This martyrdom is the pivotal theme of the play around which the other members of the dramatis personae rotate. Now let us study in details: Read More Drama

T.S. Eliot's Murder In The Cathedral is based on the true story of the assassination of Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury, in 1170. Throughout the play, Eliot portrays Becket as a martyr who is willing to die for his faith. He is depicted as a man who is aware of his fate, but who is also at peace with it. This is exemplified in his opening soliloquy, where he acknowledges the danger that he is in but expresses his willingness to face it:

"The last temptation is the greatest treason:

To do the right deed for the wrong reason."

Here, Becket is acknowledging the fact that his assassination is a real possibility, but he is also stating that he is willing to die for the right reasons, even if it means going against the king's wishes. 

Although the conflict between Church and state is a recurrent theme in the play, it never assumes major significance. Read More Poetry Moreover, the clash of character and personal antagonisms is deliberately avoided; the king does not appear and the knights are at first not presented as individual characters but act as a gang; subsequently it is stressed that their actions have not been motivated by personal passions.

The central theme of the play is martyrdom, and Eliot’s concept of martyrdom is the term as it was originally used. In its strict ancient sense, the word martyr means witness, and the church did not at first confine the term to those who had sealed their witnessing with their blood. So Becket as a martyr is not primarily one who suffers for a cause or who gives up his life for some religious belief, instead, he is a witness to the reality of God’s powers. Read More Drama

Eliot also explores the theme of martyrdom through the character of the Chorus. The Chorus represents the people of Canterbury, and throughout the play, they express their admiration for Becket's courage and their willingness to follow him to the end. For example, in one of their speeches, they state:

"We do not wish anything to happen.

Seven years we have lived quietly,

Succeeded in avoiding notice,

Living and partly living."

The actual deed by which Thomas is struck down is not important as a dramatic climax. The audience is warned again and again that it is not watching a sequence of events that emotion the normal dramatic logic of motive, act, and result but an action that depends on Gods will and not on human behavior. Read More Poetry

T. S. Eliot

Moreover, Thomas himself can hardly be said to be tempted for the play opens so near its climax that the temptations are hardly more than recapitulations of things which have ceased to tempt him; and the last temptation in so subtle and subjective that no audience can really judge whether or not it is genuinely over come. Although Thomas may say, “Now is my way clear, now is the meaning plain”, a question has been raised that can not be answered dramatically. Read More Drama We either have to accept Eliot’s interpretation that Thomas dies with a pure will, or ignore the whole problem of motives as beyond our competence.

The martyr’s sermon warns us that, ‘a martyrdom is never the design of men’, and that a Christian martyrdom is neither an accident nor the effect of a man’s will to become a saint.” Becket has only to wait for his murderers to appear: Read More Drama  “All my life they have been coming, these feet.” When the knights rush to the alter, the murder takes place as a kind of ritual slaughter of an understanding victim, and this episode is not dramatically significant.

Becket's martyrdom is presented as a triumph of faith over worldly power. The play ends with the Chorus singing:

"The last temptation is the greatest treason:

To do the right deed for the wrong reason."

Accordingly, Murder In The Cathedral is just not a dramatization of the death of Becket: it is a deep searching study of the significance of martyrdom. Historical detail is severely subordinated to this basic theme. Of the Arch bishop’s former career, Eliot incorporates only what is germane to his pattern of martyrdom and that retrospectively through the first three temptations. Read More Drama What historical detail there is skillfully used to point the main theme and relate it to the historical facts, for example, here we quote the second Tempter’s speech:

          “your Lordship has forgotten me, perhaps. I will remind you

           We met at Clarendon, at Northampton,

           And last at mount mirail, in Maine …….

           …….. you, master of policy

           Whom all acknowledge, should guide the state again.”

Becket finally realizes that the temptations mean present vanity and future torments. This realization helps him to effect expurgation or purification of mind and to safeguard him from such lapses as are repugnant to true martyrdom. Read More Poetry Thereafter in conclusion we find the essential virtue and rectitude of Thomas which turns him to a worthy martyr. The following pronouncements of Thomas stand as eloquent testimony to the spiritual orientation and deep seated conviction of Thomas which constitute the sine qua non of Christian martyrdom:

            “All my life I have waited.

             Death will come only when I am worthy

             And if I am worthy, there is no danger.

            I have therefore only to make perfect my will.”

Murder In The Cathedral  is a play that explores the theme of martyrdom through the character of Thomas Becket and the Chorus. Eliot presents Becket as a man who is willing to die for his faith, and the Chorus as a group of people who are inspired by his example. The play's message is that faith is more powerful than worldly power and that martyrdom is the ultimate expression of faith.

  Ardhendu De  

References

1.Murder In The Cathedral : Eliot T S : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive. (n.d.). Internet Archive. https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.86641