Wit, Witty and Foolish Wit: Classified Examples of Wits in English Literature

'Better a witty fool, than a foolish wit.'

 Twelfth Night -- William Shakespeare

Exploring Wit in English Literature

Wit: The Art of Clever Expression

The old English ‘witan’ and the Old High German ‘wizzan’ which means ‘to know’ is the origin of 'wit'.  The meaning of 'wit' farther evaluated and asserts meaning to ‘quickness of mind’ and then to the power of joining ideas in an unusual and humorous way or a  speech or writing that shows an apt, clever, and often humorous association of words. It is further associated with mental acumen, intelligence, or reasoning power. Thus it is consisting of observations meant to disparage or attack, expressed in clever comparisons or contrasts and making heavy use of word-play. Satire, puns and epigrams are examples of wit.

Wit's Evolution: From Chaucer to Butler

The 14 th century poet Chaucer’s best quality is his humor, a humor which is hard to phrase, since it runs from the keenest wit to the broadest farce, yet is always kindly and human. In the 16^th and 17^th century, ‘wit’ came to the use foe ‘ingenuity’ in literary invention, and specially the ability to discover brilliant, surprising and paradoxical figure. In Shakespeare, dramas are abounding in wit and repartee for the delight of the upper classes. John Lyly with his best composes Euphues, or the Anatomy of Wit (1578), an alleged novel made up of rambling conversations upon love, education, fashion,–everything that came into the author’s head. It was loaded with conceits, antitheses and decorations.  It was then epithetic to learning thence ‘wit’ was applied to the style of poetry or ‘metaphysical’. To quote you a funny episode, Samuel Butler (1612-1680)‘s Hudibras , a grotesque caricature of Puritanism i.e. the fractured but  inexhaustible wit was so dear to king and courtiers that they carried copies of Hudibras around in their pockets.

Wit: Distinguishing True from False in the 18th Century

In the 18^th century, attempts were made to distinguish between false wit and True wit. Cowley’s wit was ‘false’ because he aimed at superficial embezzlement. True ‘Wit’ was regarded as apt phrasing of truth whose permanent validity is proved by their commonplaces. Either True or false, the wits of Queen Anne’s time are presentably a long list: Swift, Addison, Steele, Arbuthnott, Bolingbroke, Berkeley, Butler; Pope, Prior, Gay, Young, Churchill, Gray, Collins, and Akenside.  Pope defined true wit as ‘what often was though but never so well expressed.” He farther says, “True wit is nature to advantage dressed, / What oft was thought, but ne’er so well expressed.” Addison said that in ‘true wit’ there is the association of ideas, in ‘fallse wit’ meanly of words. In fact, Pope and Addison made wit and good sense the fashionable temper for writing.

 Wit and Humor: A Historical Journey through Literature

In fashionable romantic period Hazlitt and Lamb applied their analogous conception of wit as a lower quality than humour. In the Jane Austen novels, we find sparkling with wit or running over with good humor. Again in modern period George Bernard Shaw along with Oscar Wilde are bold in exquisite wit and artifice with which they were constructed. To Reach them one would have to go back to the dramatists of the Restoration.

Conclusion

The concept of wit has evolved throughout English literature, with various authors showcasing its diverse forms and applications. From the fashionable Romantic period with Hazlitt and Lamb, to the sparkling wit found in Jane Austen's novels, and the bold artifice of George Bernard Shaw and Oscar Wilde in the modern era, wit has played a significant role in shaping literary works. By examining these examples, we witness the range of wittiness, from its lower quality as perceived by Hazlitt and Lamb to its exquisite and clever manifestations. Exploring the works of these writers allows us to appreciate the wit and humor that enriches English literature, while also highlighting the enduring influence of the Restoration dramatists.

Ardhendu De 

References:

Studies in words : Lewis, C. S. (Clive Staples), 1898-1963 : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive. (n.d.). Internet Archive. https://archive.org/details/studiesinwords0000lewi

The providence of wit : aspects of form in Augustan literature and the arts : Battestin, Martin C : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive. (n.d.). Internet Archive. https://archive.org/details/providenceofwita0000batt

The Norton anthology of English literature : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive. (n.d.). Internet Archive. https://archive.org/details/nortonanthologyo0000unse_t1d4

An Essay on Criticism : Alexander Pope : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive. (n.d.). Internet Archive. https://archive.org/details/essay_criticism_0906_librivox